75 FR 39 pgs. 9282-9314 - General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds
Type: RULEVolume: 75Number: 39Pages: 9282 - 9314
Docket number: [FWS-R9-MB-2007-0109;91200-1231-9BPP]
FR document: [FR Doc. 2010-3294 Filed 2-26-10; 8:45 am]
Agency: Interior Department
Sub Agency: Fish and Wildlife Service
Official PDF Version: PDF Version
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 10
[FWS-R9-MB-2007-0109;91200-1231-9BPP]
RIN 1018-AB72
General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds
AGENCY:
Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION:
Final rule.
SUMMARY:
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, revise the List of Migratory Birds by both adding and removing numerous species. Reasons for the changes to the list include correcting previous mistakes including misspellings, adding species based on new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States, and changing names based on new taxonomy. The net increase of 175 species (186 added and 11 removed) brings the total number of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to 1007. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.
DATES:
This rule is effective March 31, 2010.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist, Division of Migratory Bird Management, at 703-358-1799.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
What Statutory Authority Does the Service Have for This Rulemaking?
We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-711), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 712), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;
(2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;
(3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and
(4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073.
What Is the Purpose of This Rulemaking?
Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.
Why Is This Amendment of the List of Migratory Birds Necessary?
The amendment is needed to: (1) Add two species covered by the Japanese and Russian Conventions that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists; (2) add 29 species of accidental or casual occurrence documented prior to April 1985, but not included in prior lists; (3) add 65 species based on new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States since April 1985; (4) add 24 species that occur naturally in the United States only in Hawaii; (5) add 28 species that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands; (6) add 38 species newly recognized as a result of taxonomic changes; (7) remove 10 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or its territories; (8) remove one species that is now treated as a subspecies; (9) change the common (English) names of 48 species to conform with accepted use; (10) change the scientific names of 66 species to conform with accepted use; (11) change the common and scientific names of seven species to conform with accepted use; (12) change the scientific names of four species in the alphabetical list to conform with accepted use and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists; (13) correct errors in the common (English) name of two species; (14) correct errors in the scientific names of three species in the taxonomic list; and (15) change the status of one taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (due to lack of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR 12710), that the Mute Swan ( Cygnus olor ), which was never formally listed in 50 CFR 10.13 but was briefly treated as protected by the MBTA as the result of a court order ( Hill v. Norton, 275 F.3d 98 (D.C. Cir. 2001)), is no longer afforded protection because it is nonnative and human-introduced. See Fund for Animals v. Norton, 374 F. Supp. 2d 91 (D. D.C. 2005, denying injunction because of the clear language of the MBTRA). The District Court's judgment was later affirmed on appeal ( Fund for Animals v. Kempthorne, 472 F.3d 872, D.C. Cir. 2006).
The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), we suggested updating the List of Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 23 previously listed species to conform to the most recent nomenclature. The proposed amendments were necessitated by five published supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North American birds. Knowing that additional amendments would be necessary following the anticipated publication of a 7th edition of the Check-list, we elected to delay publication of a final rule until after the appearance of the revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed rule generated just two public comments, from the American Ornithologists' Union and the Association of Scientific Collections. The comments of those organizations, mostly editorial in nature, are reflected in this document, as appropriate.
Following publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list in July 1998, administrative workloads and staff shortages prevented work on a final rule until September 2000. A followup proposed rule was deemed necessary because of the five-year delay since publication of the initial proposed rule, and the many new changes necessitated by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In a second proposed rule published October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we suggested adding 30 species, removing one species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 78 previously-listed species to conform to accepted use.
Of the 116 letters received on the proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 dealt solely with the presumed protective status of the Mute Swan ( Cygnus olor ) under the MBTA. Of the remaining seven letters, three provided comments of a general nature (including recommendations for adding or deleting certain species); two expressed general support without offering specific comments; one questioned the legality of extending MBTA protection to species that do not cross State or international boundaries; and one expressed concern about the harvest of MBTA-protected shorebirds in the Caribbean. These comments remain part of the public record and were incorporated, as appropriate, into this final rule.
Because of the delay since publication of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the many new changes necessitated by six published supplements (AOU 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th edition of the Check-list, we published a third proposed rule on August 24, 2006 (71 FR 50194). This allowed the public to review and comment on all of the desired changes that have come to light since publication of the 1995 and 2001 proposed rules. In addition, this final rule incorporates the changes in the AOU supplement published in 2007.
What Scientific Authorities Are Used To Amend the List of Migratory Birds?
Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. For the few species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the Check-list, we relied primarily on Monroe and Sibley (1993). Though we primarily rely on the above checklists, when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa.
What Criteria Are Used To Identify Individual Species Protected by the MBTA?
A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following four criteria:
(1) It is a species covered by the Canadian Convention of 1916, as amended in 1996, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family or group of species named in the Canadian Convention, as amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.
(2) It is a species covered by the Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in 1972, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: It (a) belongs to a family or group of species named in the Mexican Convention, as amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.
(3) It is a species listed in the annex to the Japanese Convention of 1972, as amended.
(4) It is a species listed in the appendix to the Russian Convention of 1976.
In accordance with the MBTRA, we have not listed species whose occurrences in the United States are solely the result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). We hereby adopt the definition of "human-assisted introduction" as used in the notice implementing the MBTRA (70 FR 12710): "An intentional introduction is one that was purposeful-for example, the person(s) or institution(s) involved intended for it to happen. An unintentional introduction is one that was unfore see n or unintended, for example, the establishment of self-sustaining populations following repeated escapes from captive facilities."
How Do the Scientific Names Used Here Compare to Those That Appear in the Japanese and Russian Conventions?
The Japanese and Russian Conventions list individual species of birds that are covered. For 37 of these species, the scientific (genus or species) name currently recognized by scientific authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe and Sibley 1993) differs from that which appears in the Conventions. The following cross-reference provides a linkage between the scientific names used in this list and those that appear in the annex to the Japanese Convention and the appendix to the Russian Convention. The first name is the modern equivalent proposed here, and the second name is that which appears in one or both of the Conventions. These changes modernize the regulatory list without revising either the Japanese or the Russian Convention (indicated by J and R, respectively):
Accipiter gularis (Japanese Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter virgatus (J & R);
Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) is listed as Tringa hypoleucos (J & R);
Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (R);
Anas americana (American Wigeon) is listed as Mareca americana (J);
Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is listed as Spatula clypeata (J);
Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is listed as Mareca penelope (J);
Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed as Anous tenuirostris (J);
Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R);
Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates Branta nigricans (R);
Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as Crocethia alba (J);
Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J);
Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) is listed as Acanthis flammea (J);
Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) is included as part of Carduelis flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis hornemanni (R);
Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias morinellus (J & R);
Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is listed as Anser caerulescens (J);
Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte canagica (R);
Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R);
Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed as Demigretta sacra (J);
Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa narcissina (J);
Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R);
Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is listed as Capella gallinago (R);
Gallinago megala (Swinhoe's Snipe) is listed as Capella megala (R);
Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is listed as Capella stenura (R);
Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) is included as part of Tringa incana (J);
Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J);
Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) is listed as Erithacus calliope (J);
Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J);
Mergellus albellus (Smew) is listed as Mergus albellus (J & R);
Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as Milvus korschun (R);
Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is included as part of Numenius minutus (J);
Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus (R);
Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea albatrus (J & R);
Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) is listed as Diomedea immutabilis (J & R);
Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea nigripes (J & R);
Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R);
Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and
Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is listed as Turdus pallidus (R).
How Do the Changes Affect the List of Migratory Birds?
The amendments (186 additions, 11 removals, 121 name changes, and 9 corrections) affect a grand total of 327 species and result in a net addition of 175 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total from 832 to 1007. Of the 175 species that we add to the list, 38 were previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 15 categories:
(1) Add two species that are included in the Appendix of the Russian Convention and in the Annex to the Japanese Convention, respectively; the omission of these species in previous lists was an oversight. These species also qualify for protection under the Canadian and Mexican Conventions as members of the families Anatidae and Laridae, respectively:
Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; and
Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris.
(2) Add 29 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (prior to April 1985) of distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions. They were excluded from the 1985 list because their occurrence was viewed as accidental or casual, a criterion no longer viewed as inconsistent with the MBTA or its underlying Conventions. A species of accidental or casual occurrence is one whose normal range is far enough removed from the United States as to make regular occurrence unlikely or improbable (AOU 1983). For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s):
Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta -Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, 1998);
Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans -California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina -Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis -Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla -Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs -Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops -Texas, Virginia (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata -Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae -Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius -Maine, Tennes see (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri -Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003);
Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostis -Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa -Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Martin, Southern, Progne elegans -Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii -Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis -Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax -Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis -Puerto Rico (AOU 1983, 1995, 1998);
Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis -Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1995);
Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus -Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia -Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas -California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus -Alaska, California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura -U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1983, 1998);
Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex -Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio (AOU 1983, 1998);
Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris -Florida (AOU 1983, 1998);
Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus -Alaska, California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998);
Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa -Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); and
Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix -Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998).
(3) Add 65 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since April 1985) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions and most are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication(s):
Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris -Virginia (AOU 2002);
Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata -California (AOU 1997, 1998);
Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus -Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);
Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos -Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);
Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola -Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998);
Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans -Alaska (AOU 2000);
Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis -U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1998);
Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris -Texas (AOU 1998);
Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata -Texas (AOU 1998);
Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta -Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998);
Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata -Texas (AOU 1989, 1998);
Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus -Massachusetts, (AOU 2007);
Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus -Florida, New Mexico, Texas (AOU 2002);
Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis -Texas (AOU 2006);
Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus -Texas (AOU 1998);
Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus -Texas (AOU 1998)
Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis -Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998);
Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris -New York (AOU 1991, 1998, 2002);
Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis apricaria -Alaska (Western Birds 2001);
Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus -Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);
Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus -Florida (AOU 2002);
Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus -Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Texas (AOU 2002);
Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis (= cachinnans )-Maryland (AOU 1993, 1998, 2007);
Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens -Texas (AOU 1998);
Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo -Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998);
Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila -Arizona, New Mexico (AOU 1998);
Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii -California (AOU 1998);
Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii -Texas (AOU 1998);
Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera -Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998);
Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens -Arizona, Texas (AOU 1998);
Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus -Texas (AOU 2006);
Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris -Texas (AOU 2002);
Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata -Texas (AOU 1989, 1998);
Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius -Texas (AOU 2002);
Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow -North Carolina (AOU 1998);
Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera -California (AOU 2004);
Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris -California, Hawaii (AOU 1989, 1998);
Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus -Florida (AOU 2004);
Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris -Texas (AOU 1998);
Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus -Alaska (AOU 2000);
Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis -Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998);
Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane -Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998);
Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis -Texas (AOU 1998);
Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus -Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998);
Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii -North Carolina (AOU 2006);
Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus -Texas (AOU 1998);
Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus -Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998);
Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus -Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998);
Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus -Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998, 2004);
Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta tropica -North Carolina (AOU 2006);
Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi -California (AOU 2007);
Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea -Florida (AOU 2005);
Swift, Alpine, Apus melba -Puerto Rico (AOU 1998);
Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata -Arizona, Texas (AOU 1987, 1998);
Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii -Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006);
Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida -Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003);
Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata -Texas (AOU 1998);
Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis -Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998);
Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister -Texas (AOU 1987, 1998);
Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola -Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998);
Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa -Arizona (AOU 1987, 1998);
Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata -Alaska, California (AOU 1985, 1998);
Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus -Alaska (AOU 2002);
Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca -Alaska (AOU 2004); and
Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major -Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998).
(4) Add 24 species that belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions, but occur naturally in the United States only in Hawaii:
Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris
Akepa, Loxops coccineus
Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus
Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi
Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi
Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei
Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana
Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata
Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens
Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis
Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus
Anianiau, Magumma parva
Apapane, Himatione sanguinea
Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana
Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans
Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea
Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea
Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris
Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus
Ou, Psittirostra psittacea
Palila, Loxioides bailleui
Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys
Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma
(5) Add 28 species that belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions, but occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt et al. 1987). We also list the territory or territories in which each species is known to occur:
Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (Guam);
Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Northern Marianas);
Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (American Samoa);
Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (Guam, Northern Marianas);
Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (American Samoa);
Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American Samoa);
Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (American Samoa);
Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (Guam, Northern Marianas);
Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (Guam);
Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (American Samoa);
Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (Guam, Northern Marianas);
Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern Marianas);
Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (American Samoa);
Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (American Samoa, Northern Marianas);
Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (Guam);
Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (Guam);
Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (American Samoa);
Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker and Howland Islands);
Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (American Samoa);
Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (American Samoa);
Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam);
Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia (Northern Marianas, formerly Guam);
Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, Northern Marianas);
Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (American Samoa);
Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (American Samoa);
Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (American Samoa);
Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (Guam, Northern Marianas); and
Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (American Samoa).
(6) Add 38 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting the change:
Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris (formerly treated as subspecies of Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose [=Bean Goose]) [AOU 2007];
Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly treated as subspecies of Fulica americana, American Coot) [AOU 1993, 1998];
Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (formerly treated as subspecies of Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) [AOU 1995, 1998];
Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, Western [=Pacific-slope] Flycatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998];
Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998];
Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (formerly treated as subspecies of Pluvialis dominica, Lesser [=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU 1993, 1998];
Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (formerly treated as subspecies of Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998];
Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Butorides striatus, Green-backed [=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998];
Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998];
Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (formerly treated as subspecies of Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered Kite) ([AOU 1983, 1993, 1998]);
Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998];
Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (formerly treated as subspecies of Pica pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) [AOU 2000];
Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix -formerly treated as a subspecies of Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet (AOU 1997);
Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998];
Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (formerly treated as subspecies of Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998];
Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel) [AOU 2002];
Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma externa, White-necked [=Juan Fernandez] Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998];
Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU 1989, 1998);
Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998];
Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998];
Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998];
Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU 1985, 1998];
Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998];
Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998];
Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (formerly treated as subspecies of Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) [AOU 2002];
Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly treated as subspecies of Ammodramus caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, 1998];
Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripe-headed [=Western] Tanager [=Spindalis]) [AOU 2000];
Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (formerly treated as subspecies of Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998];
Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus [= Baeolophus ] bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU 2002];
Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus [= Baeolophus ] inornatus, Plain [=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998];
Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo fuscus, Brown [=Canyon] Towhee) [AOU 1989, 1998];
Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous-sided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, 1998];
Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998];
Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998];
Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) [AOU 1987, 1998];
Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow Wagtail) [AOU 2004];
Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed] Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and
Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides stricklandi, Strickland's Woodpecker) [AOU 2000].
(7) Remove 10 species based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting these changes:
Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU 1993, 1998);
Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998);
Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998);
Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (AOU 2000);
Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU 1998; treated as conspecific with Black Noddy, Anous minutus );
Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002);
Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU 1983, 1989, 1998);
Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU 2004);
Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi (AOU 2000); and
Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis (AOU 2003).
(8) Remove one former species that is now treated as a subspecies:
Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens ( lugens will remain protected as a subspecies of Motacilla alba, White Wagtail) [AOU 2005].
(9) Revise the common (English) names of 48 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the published source(s) for the name change:
Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, becomes Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1998);
Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, becomes Bittern, Yellow (AOU 1991, 1998);
Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, becomes Crow, Tamaulipas (AOU 1997, 1998);
Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, becomes Curlew, Little (AOU 1987, 1998);
Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta, becomes Flycatcher, Gray-streaked (AOU 2004);
Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis, becomes Flycatcher, Pacific-slope (AOU 1989, 1998);
Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica, becomes Golden-Plover, American (AOU 1993, 1998);
Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes Bean-Goose, Taiga (AOU 2007)
Goose, Ross', Chen rossii, becomes Goose, Ross's (AOU 1998);
Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus, becomes Gull, Black-headed (AOU 1995, 1998);
Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea, becomes Gull, Ross's (AOU 1998);
Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis, becomes Sparrowhawk, Japanese (Monroe and Sibley 1993);
Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus, becomes Hawk, Harris's (AOU 1998);
Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, becomes Owl, Northern Hawk (AOU 1989, 1998);
Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, becomes Reef-Egret, Pacific (Monroe and Sibley 1993);
Hoopoe, Upupa epops, becomes Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998);
Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina, becomes Jay, Mexican (AOU 1995, 1998);
Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, becomes Scrub-Jay, Florida (AOU 1995, 1998);
Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus, becomes Kite, Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998);
Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, becomes Murrelet, Xantus's (AOU 1998);
Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus, becomes Nightjar, Gray (AOU 2004);
Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, becomes Duck, Long-tailed (AOU 2000);
Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis, becomes Oriole, Greater Antillean (AOU 2000);
Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, becomes Oriole, Baltimore (AOU 1995, 1998);
Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa, becomes Petrel, Juan Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998);
Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii, becomes Sand-Plover, Greater (AOU 2004);
Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus, becomes Sand-Plover, Lesser (AOU 2004);
Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus, becomes Bunting, Reed (AOU 1995, 1998);
Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi, becomes Bunting, Pallas's (AOU 1995, 1998);
Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, becomes Sandpiper, Spoon-billed (AOU 2004);
Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, becomes Lark, Sky (AOU 1995, 1998);
Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querela, becomes Sparrow, Harris's (AOU 1998);
Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998);
Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, becomes Starling, White-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993);
Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis, becomes Starling, Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993);
Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, becomes Stint, Red-necked (AOU 1995);
Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami, becomes Storm-Petrel, Tristram's (AOU 1989, 1998);
Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia, becomes Palm-Swift, Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998);
Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, becomes Spindalis, Western (AOU 2000);
Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, becomes Duck, Falcated (AOU 1997, 1998);
Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, becomes Thrush, Eyebrowed (AOU 1989, 1998);
Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, becomes Towhee, Canyon (AOU 1989, 1998);
Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, becomes Towhee, Eastern (AOU 1995, 1998);
Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, becomes Pipit, Olive-backed (AOU 1995, 1998);
Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Quetzel, Eared (AOU 2002);
Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, becomes Vireo, Blue-headed (AOU 1997, 1998);
Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae, becomes Warbler, Elfin-woods (AOU 1998); and
Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis, becomes Woodpecker, Lewis's (AOU 1998).
(10) Revise the scientific names of 66 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) documenting the name change:
Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) becomes Actitis macularius (AOU 2004);
Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) becomes Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002);
Amphispiza quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) becomes Aimophila quinquestriata (AOU 1997, 1998);
Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) becomes Ardea alba (AOU 1995, 1998);
Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar Skua) becomes Stercorarius maccormicki (AOU 2000);
Catharacta skua (Great Skua) becomes Stercorarius skua (AOU 2000);
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) becomes Tringa semipalmata (AOU 2006);
Ceryle alcyon (Belted Kingfisher) becomes Megaceryl alcyon (AOU 2007);
Ceryle torquatus (= Ceryle torquata ) (Ringed Kingfisher) becomes Megaceryl torquata (AOU 2004, 2007);
Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas fasciata (AOU 2003);
Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas flavirostris (AOU 2003);
Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas inornata (AOU 2003);
Columba leucocephala (White-crowned Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas leucocephala (AOU 2003);
Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas squamosa (AOU 2003);
Contopus borealis (Olive-sided Flycatcher) becomes Contopus cooperi (AOU 1997, 1998);
Cuculus saturatus (Oriental Cuckoo) becomes Cuculus optatus (AOU 2006);
Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) becomes Aethia psittacula (AOU 1997, 1998);
Delichon urbica (Common House-Martin) becomes Delichon urbicum (AOU 2004);
Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) becomes Phoebastria albatrus (AOU 1997, 1998);
Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellow-nosed Albatross) becomes Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU 1997, 1998);
Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) becomes Phoebastria immutabilis (AOU 1997, 1998);
Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) becomes Phoebastria nigripes (AOU 1997, 1998);
Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) becomes Passerina caerulea (AOU 2002);
Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) becomes Tringa brevipes (AOU 2006);
Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) becomes Tringa incana (AOU 2006);
Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating Warbler) becomes Helmitheros vermivorum (AOU 2004);
Hirundo fulva (Cave Swallow) becomes Petrochelidon fulva (AOU 1997, 1998);
Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) becomes Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (AOU 1997, 1998);
Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) becomes Ficedula narcissina (AOU 1991, 1998);
Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian Goose) becomes Branta sandvicensis (AOU 1993, 1998);
Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl) becomes Bubo scandiacus (AOU 2003);
Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese Night-Heron) becomes Gorsachius goisagi (Monroe and Sibley 1993);
Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned Night-Heron) becomes Nyctanassa violacea (AOU 1998);
Orthorhynchus cristatus (Antillean Crested Hummingbird) becomes Orthorhyncus cristatus (AOU 1987);
Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops asio (AOU 2003);
Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops kennicottii (AOU 2003);
Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops nudipes (AOU 2003);
Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech-Owl) becomes Megascops trichopsis (AOU 2003);
Oxyura dominica (Masked Duck) becomes Nomonyx dominicus (AOU 1997, 1998);
Parus atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) becomes Poecile atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003);
Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) becomes Baeolophus bicolor (AOU 1997, 1998);
Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) becomes Poecile carolinensis (AOU 1997, 1998);
Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) becomes Poecile gambeli (AOU 1997, 1998);
Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) becomes Poecile hudsonica (AOU 1997, 1998, 2000);
Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Chickadee) becomes Poecile rufescens (AOU 1997, 1998);
Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) becomes Poecile sclateri (AOU 1997, 1998);
Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) becomes Baeolophus wollweberi (AOU 1997, 1998);
Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) becomes Phalaropus fulicarius (AOU 2002);
Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) becomes Caracara cheriway (AOU 1993, 1998, 2000);
Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) becomes Porphyrio martinica (AOU 2002);
Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo) becomes Coccyzus vieilloti (AOU 2006);
Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) becomes Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU 2003);
Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) becomes Sternula albifrons (AOU 2006);
Sterna aleutica (Aleutian Tern) becomes Onychoprion aleuticus (AOU 2006);
Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) becomes Onychoprion anaethetus (AOU 2006);
Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) becomes Sternula antillarum (AOU 2006);
Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) becomes Hydroprogne caspia (AOU 2006);
Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) becomes Thalasseus elegans (AOU 2006);
Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) becomes Onychoprion fuscatus (AOU 2006);
Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) becomes Onychoprion lunatus (AOU 2006);
Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) becomes Thalasseus maximus (AOU 2006);
Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) becomes Gelochelidon nilotica (AOU 2006);
Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) becomes Thalasseus sandvicensis (AOU 2006);
Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) becomes Morus bassanus (AOU 1989, 1998);
Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) becomes Tiaris olivaceus (AOU 2004); and
Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) becomes Toxostoma crissale (AOU 1985, 1998).
(11) Revise the common (English) and scientific names of seven species to conform with the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the publication(s) supporting the name change:
Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus, becomes Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (AOU 1991, 1998);
Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, becomes Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and Sibley 1993);
Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus, becomes Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (Monroe and Sibley 1993);
Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, becomes Omao, Myadestes obscurus (AOU 1985, 1998);
Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri, becomes Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998);
Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, becomes Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and
Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, becomes Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (AOU 1997, 1998).
(12) Revise incorrect or invalid scientific names of four species in the alphabetical list to reflect the most recent nomenclatural treatment and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists:
Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla, becomes Rissa trydactyla (AOU 1998);
Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris, becomes Rissa brevirostris (AOU 1998);
Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, becomes Rynchops niger (AOU 1998); and
Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, becomes Hylocichla mustelina (AOU 1998).
(13) Revise the common (English) name of two species in the alphabetical and taxonomic lists to correct misspellings:
Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus, becomes Bittern, Schrenck's (Monroe and Sibley 1993); and
Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus, becomes Redstart, Slate-throated (AOU 1998).
(14) Revise the scientific names of three species in the taxonomic list to correct misspellings and inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists:
Sialis currucoides (Mountain Bluebird) becomes Sialia currucoides (AOU 1998);
Sialis mexicana (Western Bluebird) becomes Sialia mexicana (AOU 1998); and
Sialis sialis (Eastern Bluebird) becomes Sialia sialis (AOU 1998).
(15) Change the status of one taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (because there is no known natural occurrence of the newly recognized species in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon has been treated as a subspecies ( pelegrinoides ) of the Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) in 50 CFR 10.13. We defer to the taxonomic treatment of Monroe and Sibley (1993) in recognizing F. peregrinus pelegrinoides as a distinct species, Falco pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This brings our treatment of this taxon into conformity with that adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), thereby removing an inconsistency between the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 CFR 23.23) lists. This simple taxonomic change does not add or remove any species from the list:
Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, formerly considered a subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, is changed to Falco pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon (Monroe and Sibley 1993). TheBarbary Falcon is not subject to the MBTA because its known geographic range lies entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. This does not change the legal status of any other subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, all of which will continue to be protected under the MBTA.
We continue to consider all previously recognized subspecies of the Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis ) as one species.
As a general practice, we use the AOU as a key source for taxonomic decisions. However, for species that are hunted, we may see a higher level of certainty about taxonomic changes before modifying hunting regulations and management plans, and communicating those changes to the public.
The AOU recently adopted nomenclature that divides the 11 subspecies of the previously-recognized single Canada Goose species into two species groups, Canada Goose and Cackling Goose ( Branta hutchinsii ) (AOU 2004). However, we choose to include the four subspecies AOU now considers Cackling Goose in the listing of Canada Goose, rather than include them in a separate species. Some waterfowl specialists do not agree that the data on which the AOU relied warranted the separation into two species. The AOU recommendation is based on research in large part supported by analysis of mitochondrial DNA (Van Wagner and Baker 1986, Shields and Wilson 1987, Quinn et al. 1991, Paxinos et al. 2002, Scribner et al. 2003). These studies suggest a difference between Cackling and Canada Geese primarily based on maternally inherited nonrecombinate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We believe the mtDNA analyzed from geese in the geographic areas sampled indicate a substantial evolutionary distance between groups the AOU classifies as Cackling and Canada Geese. However, the nuclear (recombinant) microsatellite DNA (nuDNA) assessment presented in Scribner et al. (2003: Fig. 3) suggests either that the nuDNA has not yet sorted (nuDNA takes approximately four times as long to consolidate as does mtDNA [Zink and Barrowclough 2008]), or that this historical division is not being maintained because hybridization is occurring. An assessment of the nuDNA group samples from the North Slope of Alaska (now considered B. h. taverneri, a subspecies of Cackling Goose, by the AOU) suggests that this group is most closely paired with samples from South Central Alaska ( B. c. parvipes, considered a subspecies of Canada Goose by the AOU). These results are consistent with those reported by Van Wagner and Baker (1990). If Cackling and Canada Geese are hybridizing, it is unclear what the outcome will be. Consequently, FWS is concerned whether the sample size and geographic distribution of specimens obtained for genetic analysis was adequate to determine the extent of hybridization. We suggest additional analysis of samples collected at several potential zones of integration to reduce this uncertainty, including the north slope of Alaska ( B. h. taverneri and B. c. parvipes ), and Arctic Canada ( B. h. hutchinsii and B. c. parvipes, and B. h. hutchinsii and B. c. interior ). Some of this work is already underway.
Issues related to monitoring and assessment of the proposed two species/Canada Goose complex also need to be resolved to ensure that the continuity in status assessments is maintained. We are also reluctant to begin informing the public, both hunters and non-hunters alike, of the implications of this change until further studies confirm that this separation is warranted. Additional research on Canada/Cackling Goose taxonomy and breeding distribution is currently being conducted and better techniques for field and harvest identification are in development. We will consider this additional information when it is available, at which time we may reconsider our decision. In any case, we emphasize that, regardless of name, goose subspecies identified as Cackling Goose by the AOU remain protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as Canada Goose.
For ease of comparison, changes are summarized in the following table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Species whose names have been revised (categories 9-14) appear in both the left-hand column (old name removed) and right-hand column (new name added). To ensure that these two separate actions appear on the same line of the table, we employ brackets to identify old (removed) or new (added) names that are listed in correct alphabetical order elsewhere in the table:
| Removed (alphabetically) | Added (alphabetically) |
|---|---|
| Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris (4). | |
| Akepa, Loxops coccineus (4). | |
| Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus (4). | |
| Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi (4). | |
| Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi (4). | |
| Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei (4). | |
| Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana (4). | |
| Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate (4). | |
| Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris (3). | |
| Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea nigripes (10) | Albatross, Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes (10). |
| Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis (10) | Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis (10). |
| Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata (3). | |
| Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea albatrus (10) | Albatross, Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus (10). |
| Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2). | |
| Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2). | |
| Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea chlororhynchos (10) | Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (10). |
| Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens (4). | |
| Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis (4). | |
| Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus (4). | |
| Anianiau, Magumma parva (4). | |
| Apapane, Himatione sanguinea (4). | |
| Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (10) | Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (10). |
| Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba (9) | [ see Owl, Barn]. |
| Bean-Goose, Taiga, Anser fabalis (9). | |
| Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris (6). | |
| Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (5). | |
| Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis (9) | Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis (9). |
| Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (13) | Bittern, Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (13). |
| Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis (14) | Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (14). |
| Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides (14) | Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia currucoides (14). |
| Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana (14) | Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (14). |
| Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3). | |
| Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2). | |
| Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2). | |
| Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2). | |
| [ see Reed-Bunting, Pallas'] | Bunting, Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi (9). |
| Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3). | |
| [ see Reed-Bunting, Common] | Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus (9). |
| Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola (3). | |
| Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans (3). | |
| Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis (3). | |
| Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus (10) | Caracara, Crested, Caracara cheriway (10). |
| Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3). | |
| Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2). | |
| Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus atricapillus (10) | Chickadee, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus (10). |
| Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus (10) | Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (10). |
| Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis (10) | Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile carolinensis (10). |
| Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus rufescens (10) | Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens (10). |
| [ see Tit, Siberian] | Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (11). |
| Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri (10) | Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (10). |
| Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli (10) | Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (10). |
| Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (6). | |
| Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (5). | |
| Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus (11) | Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (11). |
| Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2). | |
| Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (5). | |
| Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana (4). | |
| Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (5). | |
| Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus (9) | Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (9). |
| Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus (10) | Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus optatus (10). |
| Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2). | |
| Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus (9) | Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (9). |
| [ see Teal, Falcated] | Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata (9). |
| [ see Oldsquaw] | Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (9). |
| Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica (10) | Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus (10). |
| Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata (3). | |
| Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (5). | |
| Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1). | |
| Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus (10) | Egret, Great, Ardea alba (10). |
| Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia (11) | Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (11). |
| Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta (3). | |
| Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3). | |
| [Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (= Falco pelegrinoides )] (15) | Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus (3). |
| Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans (4). | |
| Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima (4). | |
| Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (7) | [ see Rosy-Finch]. |
| Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (6). | |
| Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (6). | |
| Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta (9) | Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta (9). |
| Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae (2). | |
| Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa narcissina (10) | Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (10). |
| Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus borealis (10) | Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi (10). |
| Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis (9) | Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis (9). |
| Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3). | |
| Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis (3). | |
| Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3). | |
| Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius (2). | |
| Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus (3). | |
| Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3). | |
| Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (5). | |
| Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (5). | |
| Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (5). | |
| Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3). | |
| Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica (10) | Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio martinica (10). |
| Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus (10) | Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (10). |
| Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (6). | |
| Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica (9) | Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica (9). |
| Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis apricaria (3). | |
| Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (6). | |
| Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis (9) | [ see Bean-Goose, Taiga]. |
| Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis (10) | Goose, Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis (10). |
| Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus (3). | |
| Goose, Ross', Chen rossii (9) | Goose, Ross's, Chen rossii (9). |
| Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea (10) | Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus (10). |
| Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (6). | |
| Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (5). | |
| Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea (10) | Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (10). |
| Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (5). | |
| Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (5). | |
| Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri (2). | |
| Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (9) | Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (9). |
| Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1). | |
| Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3). | |
| Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus (3). | |
| Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea (9) | Gull, Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea (9). |
| Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis (3). | |
| Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis (9) | [ see Sparrowhawk, Japanese]. |
| Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3). | |
| Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus (9) | Hawk, Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus (9). |
| Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2). | |
| Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula (9) | [ see Owl, Northern Hawk]. |
| Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (5). | |
| Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (6). | |
| Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus (7) | [ see Heron, Green]. |
| Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra (9) | [ see Reef-Egret, Pacific]. |
| Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo (3). | |
| Hoopoe, Upupa epops (9) | Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops (9). |
| House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica (10) | House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbicum (10). |
| Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus (10) | Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus (10). |
| Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2). | |
| Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3). | |
| Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii (3). | |
| Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea (4). | |
| Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (5). | |
| Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina (9) | Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (9). |
| Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9) | [ see Scrub-Jay, Florida]. |
| Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea (4). | |
| Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (6). | |
| Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (5). | |
| Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (5). | |
| Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon (10) | Kingfisher, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon (10). |
| Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus (10) | Kingfisher, Ringed, Megaceryle torquata (10). |
| Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (9) | Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (9). |
| Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (7) | [ see Kite, White-tailed]. |
| Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (6). | |
| Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla (12) | Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa trydactyla (12). |
| Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris (12) | Kittiwake, Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris (12). |
| [ see Skylark, Eurasian] | Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (9). |
| Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera vieilloti (10) | Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti (10). |
| Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (6). | |
| Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (7) | [ see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia ]. |
| Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (6). | |
| Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii (3). | |
| Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3). | |
| Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2). | |
| Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris (4). | |
| Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2). | |
| Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3). | |
| Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix (6). | |
| Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (9) | Murrelet, Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (9). |
| Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax goisagi (10) | Night-Heron, Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi (10). |
| Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus (11) | Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (11). |
| Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax violaceus (10) | Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea (10). |
| Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus (3). | |
| Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3). | |
| Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus (9) | Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus indicus (9). |
| Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (7) | Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (4). |
| Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (9) | [ see Duck, Long-tailed]. |
| Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (6). | |
| [ see Thrush, Hawaiian] | Omao, Myadestes obscurus (11). |
| Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula (9) | Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (9). |
| Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (6). | |
| Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis (9) | Oriole, Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis (9). |
| Ou, Psittirostra psittacea (4). | |
| Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (10) | Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (10). |
| [ see Barn-Owl, Common] | Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (9). |
| Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata (3). | |
| [ see Hawk-Owl, Northern] | Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (9). |
| Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca (10) | Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiacus (10). |
| Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3). | |
| Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (5). | |
| Palila, Loxioides bailleui (4). | |
| [ see Swift, Antillean Palm] | Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia (9). |
| Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys (4). | |
| Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3). | |
| Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis (2). | |
| Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma phaeopygia (7) | [ see Petrel, Hawaiian]. |
| Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (5). | |
| Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera (3). | |
| Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (6). | |
| Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax (2). | |
| Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa (9) | Petrel, Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa (9). |
| Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (5). | |
| Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris (3). | |
| Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (5). | |
| Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (6). | |
| Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus (3). | |
| Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2). | |
| Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria (10) | Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (10). |
| Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata (10) | Pigeon, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata (10). |
| Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata (10) | Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (10). |
| Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba flavirostris (10) | Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (10). |
| Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa (10) | Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa (10). |
| Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba leucocephala (10) | Pigeon, White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala (10). |
| Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (7) | [ see Pipit, American]. |
| Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (6). | |
| [ see Tree-Pipit, Olive] | Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (9). |
| Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis (2). | |
| Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3). | |
| Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii (9) | [ see Sand-Plover, Greater]. |
| Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus (9) | [ see Sand-Plover, Lesser]. |
| Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3). | |
| Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma (4). | |
| [ see Thrush, Small Kauai] | Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (11). |
| [ see Trogon, Eared] | Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9). |
| Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (5). | |
| Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (5). | |
| Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2). | |
| Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus (13) | Redstart, Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus (13). |
| Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus (9) | [ see Bunting, Reed]. |
| Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi (9) | [ see Bunting, Pallas's]. |
| Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia (5). | |
| [ see Heron, Pacific Reef] | Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (9). |
| Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3). | |
| Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3). | |
| Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3). | |
| Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (6). | |
| Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (6). | |
| Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (6). | |
| Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3). | |
| Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (9) | Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (9). |
| Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia (10) | Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularius (10). |
| [ see Plover, Great Sand] | Sand-Plover, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii (9). |
| [ see Plover, Mongolian] | Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (9). |
| Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (6). | |
| Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia (2). | |
| Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio (10) | Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (10). |
| Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes (10) | Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes (10). |
| Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii (10) | Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops kennicottii (10). |
| Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis (10) | Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis (10). |
| [ see Jay, Scrub] | Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9). |
| Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (6). | |
| Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (6). | |
| Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii (3). | |
| Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas (2). | |
| Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus (2). | |
| Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus (3). | |
| Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3). | |
| Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger (12) | Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger (12). |
| Skua, Great, Catharacta skua (10) | Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua (10). |
| Skua, South Polar, Catharacta maccormicki (10) | Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (10). |
| Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis (9) | [ see Lark, Sky]. |
| Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (6). | |
| Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata (10) | Sparrow, Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata (10). |
| Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querula (9) | Sparrow, Harris's, Zonotrichia querula (9). |
| Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (6). | |
| Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (9) | Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (9). |
| [ see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow] | Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis (9). |
| Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (6). | |
| [ see Tanager, Stripe-headed] | Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (9). |
| Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja (10) | Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (10). |
| Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis (9) | Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis (9). |
| Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus (9) | Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus (9). |
| Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3). | |
| Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis (9) | Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (9). |
| Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (3). | |
| Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica (3). | |
| Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (5). | |
| Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (5). | |
| Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi (3). | |
| Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami (9) | Storm-Petrel, Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami (9). |
| Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (5). | |
| Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva (10) | Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (10). |
| Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota (10) | Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (10). |
| Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3). | |
| Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (5). | |
| Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3). | |
| Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia (9) | [ see Palm-Swift, Antillean]. |
| Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2). | |
| Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (5). | |
| Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (5). | |
| Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3). | |
| Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena (9) | [ see Spindalis, Western]. |
| Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus brevipes (10) | Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (10). |
| Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus incanus (10) | Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incana (10). |
| Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata (9) | [ see Duck, Falcated]. |
| Tern, Aleutian , Sterna aleutica (10) | Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (10). |
| Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus (10) | Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (10). |
| Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia (10) | Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (10). |
| Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans (10) | Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (10). |
| Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata (10) | Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (10). |
| Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3). | |
| Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica (10) | Tern, Gull-billed , Gelochelidon nilotica (10). |
| Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex (2). | |
| Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum (10) | Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (10). |
| Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons (10) | Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (10). |
| Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima (10) | Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus (10). |
| Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis (10) | Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis (10). |
| Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata (10) | Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (10). |
| Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3). | |
| Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale (10) | Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma crissale (10). |
| Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (6). | |
| Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus (9) | Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (9). |
| Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus (11) | [ see Omao]. |
| Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri (11) | [ see Puaiohi]. |
| Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima (12) | Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (12). |
| Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus (11) | [ see Chickadee, Gray-headed]. |
| Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (6). | |
| Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi (10) | Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi (10). |
| Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (6). | |
| Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus (11) | Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (11). |
| Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor (10) | Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (10). |
| Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3). | |
| Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (6). | |
| Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus (9) | Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus (9). |
| Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (9) | Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (9). |
| Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (6). | |
| Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni (9) | [ see Pipit, Olive-backed]. |
| Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9) | [ see Quetzel, Eared]. |
| Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis (3). | |
| Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius (9) | Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (9). |
| Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (6). | |
| Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (6). | |
| Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2). | |
| Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (6). | |
| Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister (3). | |
| Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (8) | Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola (3). |
| Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (7) | [ see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow]. |
| Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (6). | |
| Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa (3). | |
| Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus (2). | |
| Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae (9) | Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae (9). |
| Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2). | |
| Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata (3). | |
| Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2). | |
| Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus (3). | |
| Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivora (10) | Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum (10). |
| Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca (3). | |
| Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (10) | Willet, Tringa semipalmata (10). |
| Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (6). | |
| Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (6). | |
| Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major (3). | |
| Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis (9) | Woodpecker, Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis (9). |
| Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi (7) | [ see Woodpecker, Arizona]. |
| Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides tridactylis (7) | [ see Woodpecker, American Three-toed]. |
How Do the Changes Implemented Here Differ From Those Discussed in the Proposed Rule?
(1) Three species are added to category 2:
Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex;
Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus; and
Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix.
(2) Six species are added to category 3:
Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus;
Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis apricaria;
Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi;
Warbler, Lanceolated , Locustella lanceolata;
Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus; and
Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca.
(3) A new category 4 is created and 24 species are added to this category:
Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris;
Akepa, Loxops coccineus;
Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus;
Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi;
Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi;
Akohekohe, Palmeria dole;
Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana;
Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate;
Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens;
Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis;
Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus;
Anianiau, Magumma parva;
Apapane, Himatione sanguinea;
Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana;
Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans;
Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima;
Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea;
Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea;
Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris;
Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus;
Ou, Psittirostra psittacea;
Palila, Loxioides bailleui;
Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys; and
Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma.
(4) One species is added to category 5:
Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia
(5) One species is removed from category 6:
Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii. Recognition as a separate species deferred and will remain as subspecies of Branta canadensis, Canada Goose.
(6) One species is added to category 6:
Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris.
(7) One species deleted from category 7 is reinstated:
Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus.
(8) The common name of one species is changed (category 9):
Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes Bean-Goose, Taiga.
(9) The scientific name of four species is changed (category 3, category 10):
Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans becomes Larus michahellis;
Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon becomes Megaceryle alcyon;
Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus becomes Megaceryle torquata; and
Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus becomes Orthorhyncus cristatus.
(10) The scientific names of six species spelled erroneously in the proposed rule are corrected to conform to the AOU Check-list (1998) and supplements:
Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus becomes Emberiza schoeniclus;
Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes becomes Myiozetetes similes;
Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca becomes Bubo scandiacus;
Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus becomes Contopus caribaeus;
Tanager, Puerto Rican, Neospingus speculiferus becomes Nesospingus speculiferus; and
Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorus becomes Helmitheros vermivorum.
(11) Other editorial changes:
Crake, Paint-billed (category 2)-Louisiana is deleted from, and Virginia added to, the known range;
Ground-Dove, White-throated (category 5)-American Samoa is deleted from, and Guam and the Northern Marianas are added to, the known range;
Gull, Kelp (category 3)-Indiana and Texas are added to the known range;
Murrelet, Long-billed-moved from category 3 to category 6;
Shrike, Brown (category 2)-California is added to the known range;
Storm-Petrel, Ringed (category 2)-Alaska is deleted from, and California added to, the known range; and
the family Cathartidae, and its included species, is moved from the Ciconiiformes to the beginning of the Falconiformes, as they were on the 1985 list.
How Is the List of Migratory Birds Organized?
The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998, 2004) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.
What Species Are Not Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
The MBTA does not apply to:
(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative human-introduced bird species in this category. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the U.S. or its territories.
(2) Nonnative human-introduced species that belong to families or groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae (buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae (sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in the Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families not currently represented in the United States or its territories.
(3) Native species that belong to families or groups represented in the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including the Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentit), and Coerebidae (bananaquit). It should be noted that this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 notice to the extent that they are inconsistent. Specifically, the Mexican Convention lists the family Sylviidae (which includes and subfamily Sylviinae) and the family Fringillidae (which includes the subfamily Depanidinae). Thus, all members of these two subfamilies are now included on this list.
Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are available at http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/mbta/MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html .
Responses to Public Comments
On August 24, 2006, we published in the Federal Register (71 FR 50194) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13. We solicited public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending on October 23, 2006. The comment period was reopened on December 14, 2006 (71 FR 75188), extending the comment period to December 29, 2006. Any comments submitted from October 24, 2006, to the extension date were considered in this final rule.
We received 69 comment letters in response to the proposed rule; 32 letters were from 21 identified agencies, organizations, or private firms (includes 10 separate letters from one firm, and two from an organization). The following text discusses the substantive comments received and provides our responses to those comments.
Comment. The American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, and the Office of the Governor of American Samoa objected to the inclusion of 14 species native to American Samoa. They argued a "complete absence of a scientific basis for inclusion in a treaty based on the concept of "shared migratory' species" and "lack of demonstrated biological need for protection." They also felt that the Service "did not consider the extent to which the stringent requirement of the new federal regulation will affect the daily activities of our people," and emphasized that "All species proposed for listing are fully protected under Chapter 8, Title 24, of the American Samoa Administrative Code."
Response: We recognize and appreciate the positive steps taken by the government of American Samoa to protect its native wildlife resources. The Service looks forward to continuing a close working relationship with the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, and pledges to consult with that agency before undertaking any action on any species covered by this rule that might affect the people of American Samoa.
Our determination that these species merit protection under the MBTA is based strictly on legal, not biological, considerations. Unlike the Endangered Species Act, the MBTA requires no "demonstrated biological need for protection." Furthermore, the MBTA and implementing regulations provide considerable flexibility for managing bird populations, including establishment of hunting seasons (where deemed appropriate), the control of nuisance bird populations, and the issuance of permits allowing appropriate use by humans.
Applying the protection of the MBTA to these 14 species will not affect the people of American Samoa to any greater or lesser degree than the protection of more than 900 other species of migratory birds affects the residents of the other 13 territories, 50 States, and the District of Columbia.
We find this action to be consistent with the protection of bird species native to other U.S. territories (i.e., Hawaii prior to Statehood, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican Conventions. Under those Conventions, any species that belongs to a covered family is protected anywhere and everywhere that it might occur in the U.S. and its territories, regardless of its biological or migratory status.
We note that each of the 14 species added to the list from American Samoa belong to one of seven families expressly covered by the Canadian or Mexican Conventions: Anatidae (ducks), Procellariidae (petrels), Hydrobatidae (storm-petrels), Rallidae (rails), Columbidae (pigeons), Apodidae (swifts), Alcedinidae (kingfishers). Examples of related species from the Hawaiian Islands that have historically been protected under the MBTA include Hawaiian Duck, Hawaiian Petrel, Tristram's Storm-Petrel, and Hawaiian Coot.
Finally, we note that several other species of birds native to American Samoa, notably petrels, shearwaters, tropicbirds, boobies, frigatebirds, shorebirds, and terns and noddies, have long been protected under the MBTA without presenting undue regulatory burdens on the government and residents of American Samoa.
Comment. The Atlantic Flyway Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, South Florida Water Management District, Everglades National Park, and The Nature Conservancy all raised concerns about adding the Purple Swamphen on grounds that Federal protection would "compromise efforts to remove" this species from south Florida, where it has become established in recent years and is now viewed as an "undesirable exotic."
Response: We are aware that adding the Purple Swamphen to the list of MBTA-protected species (because of its occurrence as a native species in American Samoa) will have the undesirable consequence of affording similar protection to the introduced population now established in south Florida. We agree that this species "has the capacity to become a serious invasive problem."
Fortunately, the MBTA provides mechanisms that allow for the prudent management of species that are causing, or are about to cause, economic or ecological damage. In the case of the Purple Swamphen in south Florida, we believe that a depredation order targeting this species in selected geographic areas will address the concerns raised by the above agencies and organizations. Depredation orders allow specified species of birds to be taken at specified times and places and under specified conditions without need of a Federal permit; they are designed expressly for the types of control actions envisioned in this instance. The Service recognizes the urgency of the problem, and today has finalized a rule allowing control of Purple Swamphens anywhere in the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands that they are found.
Comment. The Atlantic Flyway Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Texas Parks and Wildlife, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Everglades National Park, The Nature Conservancy, a member of the Brevard County (Florida) Board of County Commissioners, and three residents of Palm City, Florida, expressed concerns about adding the Muscovy Duck because of various kinds of damages that the birds have been documented to inflict on private properties.
Response: The Service has concluded that the Muscovy Duck warrants protection under the MBTA because of the recent northward expansion of wild birds into extreme south Texas, where breeding has been confirmed. The unfortunate consequence of this is that all Muscovy Ducks in the U.S., regardless of their origin and status, will also receive the protection of the MBTA.
The Muscovy Duck has a long history of having been intentionally introduced to localities throughout the U.S. Small flocks of domestic or semi-domestic birds are found on farm ponds, in municipal parks, or in zoological parks in captive, semi-captive, and semi-wild conditions. Where present, these birds are largely or entirely dependent on human assistance for their survival, especially in the form of food handouts.
In some parts of the southern U.S. (in Florida, especially), birds have escaped or been released, and have subsequently formed feral populations in close association with humans. In Florida, for example, feral populations have been confirmed breeding and have apparently been self-sustaining for more than 10 years, with breeding now documented in all 67 of Florida's counties.
Muscovy Ducks can foul backyards, patios, swimming pools, bathing beaches, golf courses, and docks with their droppings. Their aggressive behavior can prevent landowners from using their own properties, or citizens from using public recreation facilities. To alleviate this problem, today we have revised 50 CFR part 21 to prohibit sale of muscovy ducks for hunting, and to authorize a depredation order allowing their removal without a permit in locations in which the species does not occur naturally in the contiguous United States, Alaska, and Hawaii, and in U.S. territories and possessions.
Comment. The American Bird Conservancy and a private individual expressed their concern that the Hawaiian honeycreepers were excluded from the list. They countered the Service's justification for excluding this group by arguing that, "The fact that the Drepanidinae is not expressly mentioned in the treaties is irrelevant because the taxonomic status of the group has been changed and it now falls under a family that is included under the MBTA, the Fringillidae."
Response: Species included in the subfamily Drepanidinae (which includes the Hawaiian honeycreepers) are added to the list under the family Fringillidae. This addition is consistent with the latest edition of the AOU Checklist of North American Birds on matters of taxonomy and also meets the criteria for qualifying as an MBTA-protected species requiring that a species belongs to a family or group of species named in one of the MBTA's underlying Conventions. In addition, Millerbird ( Acrocephalus familiaris ) and Nightingale Reed-Warbler ( Acrocephalus luscinia ) have been added to the list under the Sylviidae family (subfamily Sylviinae), another family specifically named in the Mexican Convention of 1936.
Comment . International Zoological Imports and their legal counsel questioned the inclusion of Eurasian Bullfinch and Hawfinch on the list, citing, for example, beliefs that (a) "their geographic ranges lie entirely outside the United States and its territories," (b) they are "nonnative," and (c) they "have only an accidental/casual presence in the United States, and accidental/casual birds are not covered by the MBTA."
Response: There is ample scientific documentation of the natural occurrence of these species in western Alaska. Given the paucity of observers in western Alaska to record their presence, it seems likely that both species occur there annually, albeit in small numbers. Whether these species are regular migrants in the U.S. or merely vagrants is irrelevant. Vagrancy is a natural process inherent to many species of migratory birds and can lead to the development of regular migratory patterns or the establishment of new populations (such as those of the Cattle Egret and the Lesser Black-backed Gull). It was a previous unwritten FWS policy, not the language of the MBTA, that excluded some species of casual or accidental occurrence from inclusion in previous versions of 50 CFR 10.13. This policy mirrored earlier versions of the AOU Check-list, which flagged species of casual or accidental occurrence and did not treat them as regular members of the North American avifauna, a practice discontinued with the 5th (1957) edition of the Check-list. Moreover, the policy was never applied uniformly: A few accidental/casual species, such as the, Corn Crake and the Eurasian Lapwing, have long been listed in 50 CFR 10.13, though many others have not. We also note the precedent set by the Japanese and Russian Conventions, which specifically list numerous species of casual or accidental occurrence in the U.S., such as the Chinese Egret and the European Hoopoe.
In summary, neither the MBTA nor the Conventions explicitly exclude any species of migratory bird because it is casual or accidental in the U.S. More to the point, Eurasian Bullfinch and Hawfinch are both specifically listed in the Japanese and Russian Conventions.
Comment . Opposition to the addition of Common Chaffinch and Eurasian Siskin was received from two importers or suppliers of cage birds (International Pet and Supply, International Zoological Imports), five cage bird organizations (American Federation of Aviculture, Michiana Bird Society, National Cage Bird Show, National Finch and Softbill Society, Society of Parrot Breeders and Exhibitors), and 27 private citizens. In support of their argument, opponents claimed that (a) these species are non-native to the U.S.; (b) individuals are present in the wild only as a result of intentional releases or accidental escapes from captivity, and that sightings occur especially near where birds are sold; (c) thousands of breeders are raising these birds in captivity; (d) they have been imported and sold since 1998; and (e) adding them to 50 CFR 10.13 will harm pet bird owners, bird enthusiasts, and breeders, and have a negative financial impact on the pet bird trade.
Response: The Common Chaffinch is considered to be "casual in northeastern North American" south to Maine and Massachusetts, "where presumably natural vagrants" (AOU 1998), with "about a dozen reports, some accepted by local bird record committees, reported between late September and late May, from e. Canada, New England, and New Jersey" (American Birding Association 2002). It also appears on the official checklists of Maine (Maine Bird Records Committee 2005) and Massachusetts (Massachusetts Avian Records Committee 2006) as natural vagrants.
There is one definitive specimen record (plus a sight report) of the Eurasian Siskin in Alaska, where considered accidental (AOU 1998). This species is also included on the official list of Maine birds (Maine Bird Records Committee 2005), apparently on the basis of a bird captured in 1962 that showed no signs of having been in captivity (Borrer 1963).
We cannot confirm the opponents' statements that "thousands of breeders are raising these birds in captivity." One dealer reported importing, purchasing, and selling "large quantities" of these species "for the past 15 years;" while another claimed to have imported more than 4,000 Common Chaffinches and 10,000 Eurasian Siskins in the past decade. But these claims are contradicted by one commenter who noted that "these birds are bred by very few U.S. hobbyists and others interested in captive breeding. For instance, current available information reveals that in 2003 NFSS [National Finch and Softbill Society] annual census reported only two out of eight-hundred NFSS members registered working with the Common Chaffinch and the same two members registered working with the Eurasian Siskin."
It is true that there is a long history of importing and selling these species in the U.S. For example, over a six-year period (1969-1974), 190 Common Chaffinches and 272 Eurasian Siskins were imported into the U.S. (as summarized by McLaren et al. 1989). If figures supplied by dealers are accurate ( see preceding paragraph), then imports have increased substantially in recent years.
It is also true that there have been many intentional releases or accidental escapes of captive individuals of these and other European finches into the wild, as is acknowledge by the AOU (1998) and American Birding Association (ABA) (2002). The most notable and recent example was a series of reports from throughout the Great Lakes and New England in spring 2004 of innumerable individuals of numerous European species-including Common Chaffinch and Eurasian Siskin-that had apparently escaped from an import facility near Chicago, Illinois (Dinsmore and Silcock 2004). One major importer reported the intentional release or accidental escape of 12,700 (15 percent) of 82,800 individuals of 19 species from one facility during the past decade; this included 1,131 Common Chaffinches and 1,946 European Siskins.
In summary, while there is documented evidence of the intentional release or accidental escape of caged Common Chaffinches and Eurasian Siskins, we also find credible evidence to support our contention that both species have occurred in the U.S. as natural vagrants unhindered by human intervention. As with the Eurasian Bullfinch and Hawfinch discussed above, the Common Chaffinch and Eurasian Siskin warrant protection under the MBTA, regardless of their status as casual or accidental vagrants.
Comment. One commenter cautioned against listing cage-birds bought in Mexico, smuggled across the border, and released in Texas "just to please those wanting to either raise funds for a refuge, or add to their bird life-list." Five species were specifically mentioned in this regard: Masked Tityra, Blue Mockingbird, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush, and Blue Bunting.
Response: We are keenly aware of the problems posed by the illegal smuggling of birds into the U.S. from Mexico. Both the AOU (1998) and the Texas Ornithological Society (TOS) (Lockwood et al. 2003) go to great lengths to investigate the origins of rare birds reported in Texas near the Mexican border and to invalidate any records for which there is evidence of human intervention, such as illegal trafficking or smuggling. We are not aware of any evidence to suggest that the activities alluded to by the commenter have actually taken place. The U.S. birding community is relatively small, close-knit, and self-policed, with the vast majority of birders adhering to a voluntary "code of ethics". If anyone was conducting illegal activities to pad their life-lists or to help raise funds for a refuge, it would most likely become widely known and condemned. Each of the species mentioned by the commentator has been accepted by the AOU and TOS as valid, wild migrants in the U.S. As such, we deem them eligible for inclusion in 50 CFR 10.13.
Comment. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources indicated that recognition and protection of the Cackling Goose as distinct from the Canada Goose would create management problems, as it is probably unrealistic to expect hunters to be able to recognize and distinguish between these similar species on the wing. It was requested that the Service consider professional discussions that have occurred over the last two years.
Response: The Service recognizes the management concerns referred to by the commenter, as well as the current lack of uniform agreement among waterfowl specialists. The Service has reviewed many of the professional views concerning the AOU decision to split the Canada Goose into two species. The AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature indicated that additional taxonomic changes may occur as a result of further research on Canada Goose taxonomy (AOU 2004). We will consider new information when it is available. As discussed in the rule, at this time, we will continue to include the Cackling Goose within the listing for the Canada Goose rather than as a separate species.
Comment. The American Bird Conservancy (ABC) complained that we continue to deny Federal protection to several species that are native to the U.S., or occur in the U.S. as natural vagrants. They specifically mention seven species in this regard: Oriental Pratincole, Green Parakeet, Puerto Rican Parrot, Red-crowned Parrot, Puerto Rican Tody, Wrentit, and Bananaquit.
Response: These species do not qualify for protection under the MBTA because they (1) belong to families (Glareolidae, Todidae, Coerebidae, Psittacidae, Timaliidae, Coerebidae) not covered by either the Canadian or Mexican Conventions, and (2) are not specifically listed in either the Japanese or Russian Conventions. While this treatment may not be logical, as suggested by ABC, it is required by the language of the Conventions underlying the MBTA.
Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council expressed confusion over the status of the family Timaliidae (including babblers and Wrentit), noting that we had listed it (71 FR 50205) both as an example of a nonnative human-introduced family not protected by the MBTA and also as an example of a native family not specifically mentioned in treaties with Canada, Mexico, or Russia.
Response: The Timaliidae properly belongs in category 2 as an example of nonnative human-introduced species (the babblers, introduced to Hawaii) not protected by the MBTA. The Timaliidae also properly belongs in category 3 as an example of a native family and species (the Wrentit) not specifically mentioned in Conventions with Canada or Mexico. This section of the final rule has been re-written for greater clarity.
Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council recommended that we define "human introduction," noting that "the issue of human-related introductions of species is potentially controversial, and defining the term in the document would clarify the Service's intent and eliminate the need to search for the definition elsewhere."
Response: We agree with the desirability of being as specific as possible as to what we mean by "human introduction" or "human-assisted introduction." Accordingly, we have added clarifying language to the end of the section entitled "What Criteria Are Used to Identify Individual Species Protected by the MBTA?"
Comment. One commenter noted that numerous species intentionally introduced to the Hawaiian Islands from the continental U.S. are now protected under the MBTA, even though they are nonnative (examples: Cattle Egret, Mourning Dove, Barn Owl, Northern Cardinal, House Finch). In many instances, these species are competitors for food, carriers of disease, and predators of native wildlife.
Response: In contrast to the Endangered Species Act, the MBTA has no provision for excluding a species from protection in designated parts of its range. A species protected by the MBTA is protected anywhere and everywhere that it might occur in the U.S. or its territories, even in localities where they are nonnative and introduced by humans. That being said, we also note that the MBTA provides mechanisms for dealing with situations in which protected species are causing economic damage, creating threats to human health and safety, or may be having a deleterious impact on native wildlife, particularly through issuance of depredation permits or authorization of depredation orders.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866)
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this rule is not significant and has reviewed it under Executive Order 12866. OMB bases its determination upon the following four criteria:
(a) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector, productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
(b) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal agencies' actions.
(c) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their recipients.
(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities ( i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. A small number of caged bird dealers will be affected by this rule. However, we have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This determination is based on the fact that we are simply updating the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that because this rule does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.
This rule is not a major rule under the SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It does not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.
a. This rule does not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more.
b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions. The updating of the list of migratory birds does not significantly affect costs or prices in any sector of the economy.
c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq. ), we have determined the following:
a. This rule does not "significantly or uniquely" affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. b. This rule does not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a "significant regulatory action" under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630, the rule does not have significant takings implications. This rule does not contain a provision for taking of private property. A takings implication assessment is not required.
Federalism
This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a Federalism assessment under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
We examined these regulations under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. This regulations change has no direct impact on information collection.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and does not constitute a Federal action in the context of NEPA it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements, as provided by Department of the Interior Manual 516 DM 2, Appendix 1.10.
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
Ninety-six of the species on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because the rule is strictly administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)
On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule only affects the listing of protected species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.
Regarding Government-to-Government relationships with Tribes (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 13175, these revisions to existing regulations are purely administrative in nature. They will have no effect on Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal trust resources.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited is available upon request ( see ADDRESSES above).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10
Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife.
Regulation Promulgation
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:
PART 10-[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:
Authority:
18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.-q4
2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows:
§ 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.
(a) Legal authority for this list. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628, as amended;
(2) Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912, as amended;
(3) Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and
(4) Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712.
(b) Purpose of this list. The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
(c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2007). For species not treated by the AOU Check-list, we generally follow Monroe and Sibley's A World Checklist of Birds (1993).
(1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. It is possible that alphabetical listing by common group names may create confusion in those few instances in which the common (English) name of a species has changed. The species formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for example, is now known as the Falcated Duck. To prevent confusion, the alphabetical list has two entries for Falcated Duck: "DUCK, Falcated" and "[TEAL, Falcated ( see DUCK, Falcated)]." Other potential ambiguities are treated in the same way.
ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella
AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris
AKEPA, Loxops coccineus
AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus
AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi
AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi
AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei
ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana
Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata
ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris
Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes
Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis
Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata
Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus
Shy, Thalassarche cauta
Wandering, Diomedea exulans
Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos
ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga
ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris
Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani
AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens
Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis
Oahu, Hemignathus flavus
ANIANIAU, Magumma parva
APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea
AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus
Crested, Aethia cristatella
Least, Aethia pusilla
Parakeet, Aethia psittacula
Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata
Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea
AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana
[BARN-OWL, Common ( see OWL, Barn)]
BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis
Tundra, Anser serrirostris
BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe
BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae
BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus
Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis
[Chinese ( see Yellow)]
Least, Ixobrychus exilis
Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis
BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus
BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus
Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus
Rusty, Euphagus carolinus
Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis
Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor
Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus
BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis
Mountain, Sialia currucoides
Western, Sialia mexicana
BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus
BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica
BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii
Brown, Sula leucogaster
Masked, Sula dactylatra
Red-footed, Sula sula
BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla
BRANT, Branta bernicla
BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola
BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis
BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina
Gray, Emberiza variabilis
Indigo, Passerina cyanea
Little, Emberiza pusilla
Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys
Lazuli, Passerina amoena
McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus
Painted, Passerina ciris
Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi
Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos
Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus
Rustic, Emberiza rustica
Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis
Varied, Passerina versicolor
Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola
Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans
BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus
CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria
CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway
CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis
CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus
Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis
CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris
Gray, Dumetella carolinensis
CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs
CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus
Boreal, Poecile hudsonica
Carolina, Poecile carolinensis
Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens
Gray-headed, Poecile cincta
Mexican, Poecile sclateri
Mountain, Poecile gambeli
CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis
CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus
COOT, American, Fulica americana
Caribbean, Fulica caribaea
Eurasian, Fulica atra
Hawaiian, Fulica alai
CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus
Great, Phalacrocorax carbo
Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
[Olivaceous ( see Neotropic)]
Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile
COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus
Brown-headed, Molothrus ater
Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis
CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex
Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops
Spotless, Porzana tabuensis
Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer
CRANE , Common, Grus grus
Sandhill, Grus canadensis
Whooping, Grus americana
CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana
Hawaii, Oreomystis mana
CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra
White-winged, Loxia leucoptera
CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos
Fish, Corvus ossifragus
Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis
Mariana, Corvus kubaryi
[Mexican ( see Tamaulipas)]
Northwestern, Corvus caurinus
Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus
White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus
CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Common, Cuculus canorus
Mangrove, Coccyzus minor
Oriental, Cuculus optatus
Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus
CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis
Eskimo, Numenius borealis
Eurasian, Numenius arquata
Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis
[Least ( see Little)]
Little, Numenius minutus
Long-billed, Numenius americanus
DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana
DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus
DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus
DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca
Mourning, Zenaida macroura
White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi
White-winged, Zenaida asiatica
Zenaida, Zenaida aurita
DOVEKIE, Alle alle
DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus
Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus
DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes
Falcated, Anas falcata
Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus
Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana
Laysan, Anas laysanensis
Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis
Masked, Nomonyx dominicus
Mottled, Anas fulvigula
Muscovy, Cairina moschata
Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa
Ring-necked, Aythya collaris
Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis
Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha
Tufted, Aythya fuligula
Wood, Aix sponsa
DUNLIN, Calidris alpina
EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Golden, Aquila chrysaetos
White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla
EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis
Chinese, Egretta eulophotes
Great, Ardea alba
Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia
Little, Egretta garzetta
[Plumed ( see Intermediate)]
Reddish, Egretta rufescens
Snowy, Egretta thula
EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima
King, Somateria spectabilis
Spectacled, Somateria fischeri
Steller's, Polysticta stelleri
ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica
Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata
EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus
EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica
FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis
Peregrine, Falco peregrinus
Prairie, Falco mexicanus
Red-Footed, Falco vespertinus
FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris
FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii
House, Carpodacus mexicanus
Laysan, Telespiza cantans
Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
Purple, Carpodacus purpureus
[Rosy ( see ROSY-FINCH)]
FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus ruber
FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides
Northern, Colaptes auratus
FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens
Alder, Empidonax alnorum
Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens
Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons
Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis
Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri
Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana
Gray, Empidonax wrightii
[Gray-spotted ( see Gray-streaked)]
Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta
Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus
Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii
La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae
Least, Empidonax minimus
Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina
Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi
Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi
Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis
Piratic, Legatus leucophalus
Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum
Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus
Social, Myiozetetes similis
Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris
Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Variegated, Empidonomus varius
Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus
[Western ( see Cordilleran and Pacific-slope)]
Willow, Empidonax traillii
Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris
FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus
FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor
Lesser, Fregata ariel
Magnificent, Fregata magnificens
FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis
FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus
Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii
Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla
FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis
GADWALL, Anas strepera
GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris
Purple, Porphyrio martinica
GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus
GARGANEY, Anas querquedula
GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps
Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura
Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea
California, Polioptila californica
GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed, Limosa limosa
Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica
Marbled, Limosa fedoa
GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica
European, Pluvialis apricaria
[Lesser ( see American)]
Pacific, Pluvialis fulva
GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica
Common, Bucephala clangula
GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis tristis
Lawrence's, Carduelis lawrencei
Lesser, Carduelis psaltria
GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis
[Bean, ( see BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga)]
Canada, Branta canadensis (including Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii )
Emperor, Chen canagica
Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons
Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis
Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus
Ross's, Chen rossii
Snow, Chen caerulescens
GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis
GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major
Common, Quiscalus quiscula
Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus
Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis
GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor
Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus
GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii
Eared, Podiceps nigricollis
Horned, Podiceps auritus
Least, Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps
Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena
Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis
GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis sinica
GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia
Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer
GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus
Blue, Passerina caerulea
Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno
Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus
Pine, Pinicola enucleator
Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus
Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina
Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi
Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti
White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura
GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle
Pigeon, Cepphus columba
GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri
Black-headed, Larus ridibundus
Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris
Bonaparte's, Larus philadelphia
California, Larus californicus
[Common Black-headed ( see Black-headed)]
Franklin's, Larus pipixcan
Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus
Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens
Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus
Great Black-backed, Larus marinus
Heermann's, Larus heermanni
Herring, Larus argentatus
Iceland, Larus glaucoides
Ivory, Pagophila eburnea
Kelp, Larus dominicanus
Laughing, Larus atricilla
Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus
Little, Larus minutus
Mew, Larus canus
Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis
Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea
Sabine's, Xema sabini
Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus
Thayer's, Larus thayeri
Western, Larus occidentalis
Yellow-footed, Larus livens
Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis
GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus
HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus
HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes
HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow ( see SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)]
Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus
Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii
Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens
Ferruginous, Buteo regalis
Gray, Buteo nitidus
Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus
Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius
Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus
Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis
Roadside, Buteo magnirostris
Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus
Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus
Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni
White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus
Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus
HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax
[HAWK-OWL, Northern ( see OWL, Northern Hawk)]
HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea
Great Blue, Ardea herodias
Green, Butorides virescens
[Green-backed ( see Green)]
Little Blue, Egretta caerulea
[Pacific Reef ( see REEF-EGRET, Pacific)]
Tricolored, Egretta tricolor
HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo
HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops
HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum
HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin
Anna's, Calypte anna
Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus
Berylline, Amazilia beryllina
Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri
Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae
Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris
Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus
Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis
Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa
Calliope, Stellula calliope
Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila
Costa's, Calypte costae
Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer
Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens
Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris
Rufous, Selasphorus rufus
Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps
White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis
Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii
IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus
Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber
White, Eudocimus albus
White-faced, Plegadis chihi
IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea
IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica
JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria
JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa
JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus
Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus
Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus
JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata
Brown, Cyanocorax morio
Gray, Perisoreus canadensis
[Gray-breasted ( see Mexican)]
Green, Cyanocorax yncas
Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina
Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
[Scrub ( see SCRUB-JAY)]
Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri
JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis
Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus
KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea
KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus
KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius
Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus
KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus
KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans
Couch's, Tyrannus couchii
Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus
Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis
Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris
Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus
Western, Tyrannus verticalis
KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon
Collared, Todirhamphus chloris
Green, Chloroceryle americana
Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus
Ringed, Megaceryle torquata
KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa
Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula
KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus
KITE, [American Swallow-tailed ( see Swallow-tailed)]
Black, Milvus migrans
[Black-shouldered ( see White-tailed)]
Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus
Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis
Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus
White-tailed, Elanus leucurus
KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla
Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris
KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris
Red, Calidris canutus
LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus
LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris
Sky, Alauda arvensis
LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna
LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti
LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus
Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus
McCown's, Calcarius mccownii
Smith's, Calcarius pictus
LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica
Common, Gavia immer
Pacific, Gavia pacifica
Red-throated, Gavia stellata
Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii
MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia
Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli
MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos
MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus
Green, Anthracothorax viridis
Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii
MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera
Caribbean, Progne dominicensis
Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca
Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea
Purple, Progne subis
Southern, Progne elegans
MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna
Western, Sturnella neglecta
MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser
Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus
Red-breasted, Mergus serrator
MERLIN, Falco columbarius
MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris
MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii
Blue, Melanotis caerulescens
Northern, Mimus polyglottos
MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus
MURRE, Common, Uria aalge
Thick-billed, Uria lomvia
MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus
Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri
Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris
Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix
Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus
Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus
NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax
Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi
[Malay ( see Malayan)]
Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus
Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea
NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii
Common, Chordeiles minor
Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis
NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus
Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris
NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi
Gray, Caprimulgus indicus
[Jungle ( see Gray)]
Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus
NODDY, Black, Anous minutus
Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea
Brown, Anous stolidus
[Lesser ( see Black)]
NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus
NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana
NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla
Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea
Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis
White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis
[OLDSQUAW ( see DUCK, Long-tailed)]
OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis
OMAO, Myadestes obscurus
ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis
Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda
Baltimore, Icterus galbula
[Black-cowled ( see Greater Antillean)]
Black-vented, Icterus wagleri
Bullock's, Icterus bullockii
Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis
Hooded, Icterus cucullatus
[Northern ( see Baltimore and Bullock's)]
Orchard, Icterus spurius
Scott's, Icterus parisorum
Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus
OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus
OU, Psittirostra psittacea
OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla
OWL, Barn, Tyto alba
Barred, Strix varia
Boreal, Aegolius funereus
Burrowing, Athene cunicularia
Elf, Micrathene whitneyi
Flammulated, Otus flammeolus
Great Gray, Strix nebulosa
Great Horned, Bubo virginianus
Long-eared, Asio otus
Mottled, Ciccaba virgata
Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula
Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus
Short-eared, Asio flammeus
Snowy, Bubo scandiacus
Spotted, Strix occidentalis
Stygian, Asio stygius
OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus
Black, Haematopus bachmani
Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus
PALILA, Loxioides bailleui
PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia
PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys
PARULA, Northern, Parula americana
Tropical, Parula pitiayumi
PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis
PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis
PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow
Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata
Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis
Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca
Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii
Cook's, Pterodroma cookii
[Dark-rumped ( see Hawaiian)]
Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera
Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera
Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis
Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana
Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax
Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa
Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta
Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata
Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima
Phoenix, Pterodroma alba
Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris
Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata
White-necked , Pterodroma cervicalis
[White-necked, Pterodroma externa ( see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)]
PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus
Greater, Contopus pertinax
Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis
Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris
PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens
PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius
Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus
Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor
PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans
Eastern, Sayornis phoebe
Say's, Sayornis saya
PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata
Plain, Patagioenas inornata
Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris
Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa
White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala
PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta
White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis
PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens
Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni
Pechora, Anthus gustavi
Red-throated, Anthus cervinus
Sprague's, Anthus spragueii
Tree, Anthus trivialis
[Water ( see American)]
PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola
Collared, Charadrius collaris
Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula
[Great Sand ( see Sand-Plover, Greater)]
Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius
[Mongolian ( see Sand-Plover, Lesser)]
Mountain, Charadrius montanus
Piping, Charadrius melodus
Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus
Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus
Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia
POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri
Common, Aythya ferina
POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus
POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma
PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri
PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica
Horned, Fratercula corniculata
Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata
PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum
Northern, Glaucidium gnoma
PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus
QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea
Key West, Geotrygon chrysia
Ruddy, Geotrygon montana
QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus
RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis
Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis
Clapper, Rallus longirostris
Guam, Gallirallus owstoni
King, Rallus elegans
Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus
Virginia, Rallus limicola
Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis
RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus
Common, Corvus corax
RAZORBILL, Alca torda
REDHEAD, Aythya americana
REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea
Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni
REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus
REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla
Painted, Myioborus pictus
Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus
[REED-BUNTING, Common ( see BUNTING, Reed)]
[Pallas' ( see BUNTING, Pallas's)]
REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia
REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra
REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis
ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus
ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius
Clay-colored, Turdus grayi
Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus
Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane
White-throated, Turdus assimilis
ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus
ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata
Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis
Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis
RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia calliope
RUFF, Philomachus pugnax
SANDERLING, Calidris alba
SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii
Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus
Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis
Common, Actitis hypoleucos
Curlew, Calidris ferruginea
Green, Tringa ochropus
Least, Calidris minutilla
Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis
Pectoral, Calidris melanotos
Purple, Calidris maritima
Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis
Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla
Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata
Solitary, Tringa solitaria
[Spoonbill ( see Spoon-billed)]
Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
Spotted, Actitis macularius
Stilt, Calidris himantopus
Terek, Xenus cinereus
Upland, Bartramia longicauda
Western, Calidris mauri
White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis
Wood, Tringa glareola
SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii
Lesser, Charadrius mongolus
SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber
Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis
Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus
Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius
SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila
Lesser, Aythya affinis
SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia
SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra
Surf, Melanitta perspicillata
White-winged, Melanitta fusca
SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio
Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes
Western, Megascops kennicottii
Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis
SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens
Island, Aphelocoma insularis
Western, Aphelocoma californica
SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus
SEEDEATER, White-collared, Sporophila torqueola
SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri
Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas
Buller's, Puffinus bulleri
Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii
Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis
Cory's, Calonectris diomedea
Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes
Greater, Puffinus gravis
Little, Puffinus assimilis
Manx, Puffinus puffinus
Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus
Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris
Sooty, Puffinus griseus
Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas
Townsend's, Puffinus auricularis
Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus
SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata
SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus
Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus
Northern, Lanius excubitor
SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus
SISKIN, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus
Pine, Carduelis pinus
SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger
SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua
South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki
[SKYLARK, Eurasian ( see LARK, Sky)]
SMEW, Mergellus albellus
SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago (rare in western Alaska; also see SNIPE, Wilson's)
Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus
Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura
Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala
Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (the "common" snipe hunted in most of the U.S.)
SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi
SORA, Porzana carolina
SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella arborea
Bachman's, Aimophila aestivalis
Baird's, Ammodramus bairdii
Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis
Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata
Botteri's, Aimophila botterii
Brewer's, Spizella breweri
Cassin's, Aimophila cassinii
Chipping, Spizella passerina
Clay-colored, Spizella pallida
Field, Spizella pusilla
Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata
Fox, Passerella iliaca
Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla
Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum
Harris's, Zonotrichia querula
Henslow's, Ammodramus henslowii
Lark, Chondestes grammacus
Le Conte's, Ammodramus leconteii
Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii
Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni
Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus
Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps
Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis
Sage, Amphispiza belli
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus
Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis
Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus
[Sharp-tailed ( see Nelson's Sharp-tailed and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed)]
Song , Melospiza melodia
Swamp, Melospiza georgiana
Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus
White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys
White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis
Worthen's, Spizella wortheni
SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter gularis
SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis
Western, Spindalis zena
SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja
STARLING, [Ashy ( see White-cheeked)]
Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis
[Violet-backed ( see Chestnut-cheeked)]
White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus
STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii
STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus
Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus
STINT, Little, Calidris minuta
Long-toed, Calidris subminuta
Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis
[Rufous-necked ( see Red-necked)]
Temminck's, Calidris temminckii
STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus
STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana
STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma homochroa
Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro
Black, Oceanodroma melania
Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica
Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata
Leach's, Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Least, Oceanodroma microsoma
Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae
Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa
Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi
[Sooty ( see Tristram's)]
Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami
Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys
White-faced, Pelagodroma marina
White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria
Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus
SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata
SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis
Bank, Riparia riparia
Barn, Hirundo rustica
Cave, Petrochelidon fulva
Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea
Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Tree, Tachycineta bicolor
Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina
SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio
SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator
Tundra, Cygnus columbianus
Whooper, Cygnus cygnus
SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba
[Antillean Palm ( see PALM-SWIFT, Antillean)]
Black, Cypseloides niger
Chimney, Chaetura pelagica
Common, Apus apus
Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus
Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura
Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi
White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris
White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis
SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi
White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius
TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata
Hepatic, Piranga flava
Puerto Rican, Nesospingus speculiferus
Scarlet, Piranga olivacea
[Stripe-headed ( see SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican and Western)]
Summer, Piranga rubra
Western, Piranga ludoviciana
TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes
Wandering, Tringa incana
TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa
Blue-winged, Anas discors
Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera
[Falcated ( see DUCK, Falcated)]
Green-winged, Anas crecca
TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus
Arctic, Sterna paradisaea
Black, Chlidonias niger
Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana
Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus
Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia
Common, Sterna hirundo
Elegant, Thalasseus elegans
Forster's, Sterna forsteri
Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus
Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii
Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica
Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex
Least, Sternula antillarum
Little, Sternula albifrons
Roseate, Sterna dougallii
Royal, Thalleseus maximus
Sandwich, Thalleseus sandvicensis
Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus
Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida
White, Gygis alba
White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus
THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei
Brown, Toxostoma rufum
California, Toxostoma redivivum
Crissal, Toxostoma crissale
Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre
Le Conte's, Toxostoma lecontei
Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre
Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus
Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus
THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola
Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli
Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius
Dusky, Turdus naumanni
Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus
Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus
[Hawaiian ( see KAMAO, OLOMAO, and OMAO)]
Hermit, Catharus guttatus
Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus
[Small Kauai ( see PUAIOHI)]
Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus
Varied, Ixoreus naevius
Wood, Hylocichla mustelina
[TIT, Siberian ( see CHICKADEE, Gray-headed)]
TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus
Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi
Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi
Oak, Baeolophus inornatus
[Plain ( see Juniper and Oak)]
Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor
TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata
TOWHEE, Abert's, Pipilo aberti
[Brown ( see California and Canyon)]
California, Pipilo crissalis
Canyon, Pipilo fuscus
Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus
[Rufous-sided ( see Eastern and Spotted)]
Spotted, Pipilo maculatus
[TREE-PIPIT, Olive ( see PIPIT, Olive-backed)]
TROGON, [Eared ( see QUETZEL, Eared)]
Elegant, Trogon elegans
TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus
Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda
White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus
TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala
Ruddy, Arenaria interpres
TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis
VEERY, Catharus fuscescens
VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps
VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus
VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii
Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus
Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus
Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius
Cassin's, Vireo cassinii
Gray, Vireo vicinior
Hutton's, Vireo huttoni
Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus
Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus
Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri
Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus
[Solitary ( see Blue-headed, Cassin's, and Plumbeous)]
Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris
Warbling, Vireo gilvus
White-eyed, Vireo griseus
Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis
Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons
Yucatan, Vireo magister
VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus
Turkey, Cathartes aura
WAGTAIL, [Black-backed ( see White)]
Citrine, Motacilla citreola
Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis
Gray, Motacilla cinerea
White, Motacilla alba
[Yellow ( see Eastern Yellow)]
WARBLER, Adelaide's, Dendroica adelaidae
Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis
Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii
Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea
Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia
Black-throated Blue, Dendroica caerulescens
Black-throated Gray, Dendroica nigrescens
Black-throated Green, Dendroica virens
Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca
Blackpoll, Dendroica striata
Blue-winged, Vermivora pinus
Canada, Wilsonia canadensis
Cape May, Dendroica tigrina
Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea
Chestnut-sided, Dendroica pensylvanica
Colima, Vermivora crissalis
Connecticut, Oporornis agilis
Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa
Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus
Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae
Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa
Golden-cheeked, Dendroica chrysoparia
Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus
Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera
Grace's, Dendroica graciae
Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis
Hooded, Wilsonia citrina
Kentucky, Oporornis formosus
Kirtland's, Dendroica kirtlandii
Lanceolated, Locustella lanceoloata
Lucy's, Vermivora luciae
MacGillivray's, Oporornis tolmiei
Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia
Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia
Nashville, Vermivora ruficapilla
Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus
Orange-crowned, Vermivora celata
Palm, Dendroica palmarum
Pine, Dendroica pinus
Prairie, Dendroica discolor
Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea
Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons
Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons
Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii
Tennessee, Vermivora peregrina
Townsend's, Dendroica townsendi
Virginia's, Vermivora virginiae
Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus
Wilson's, Wilsonia pusilla
Wood, Phylloscopus siilatrix
Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum
Yellow, Dendroica petechia
Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus
Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata
Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica
WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Seiurus motacilla
Northern, Seiurus noveboracensis
WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus
Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum
WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe
WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus
WHIP-POOR-WILL, Caprimulgus vociferus
WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis
Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor
West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea
WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca
WIGEON, American, Anas americana
Eurasian, Anas penelope
WILLET, Tringa semipalmata
WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens
Western, Contopus sordidulus
WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor
Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola
WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus
American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis
Arizona, Picoides arizonae
Black-backed, Picoides arcticus
Downy, Picoides pubescens
Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis
Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons
Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major
Hairy, Picoides villosus
Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis
Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris
Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis
Nuttall's, Picoides nuttallii
Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus
Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis
Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus
Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis
Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus
[Strickland's ( see Arizona)]
[Three-toed ( see American Three-toed)]
White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus
WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox evelynae
WREN, Bewick's, Thryomanes bewickii
Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus
Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus
House, Troglodytes aedon
Marsh, Cistothorus palustris
Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus
Sedge, Cistothorus platensis
Winter, Troglodytes troglodytes
WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla
YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca
Lesser, Tringa flavipes
YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas
Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala
(2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATIDAE
Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE
Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck
Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck
Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck
Subfamily ANSERINAE
Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose
Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose
Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose
Anser erythropus, Lesser White-fronted Goose
Chen canagica, Emperor Goose
Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose
Chen rossii, Ross's Goose
Branta bernicla, Brant
Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose
Branta canadensis, Canada Goose (including Branta hutchinsii, Cackling Goose)
Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose
Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan
Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan
Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan
Subfamily ANATINAE
Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck
Aix sponsa, Wood Duck
Anas strepera, Gadwall
Anas falcata, Falcated Duck
Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon
Anas americana, American Wigeon
Anas rubripes, American Black Duck
Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard
Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck
Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck
Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck
Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Duck
Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck
Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal
Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal
Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler
Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail
Anas acuta, Northern Pintail
Anas querquedula, Garganey
Anas formosa, Baikal Teal
Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal
Aythya valisineria, Canvasback
Aythya americana, Redhead
Aythya ferina, Common Pochard
Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard
Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck
Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck
Aythya marila, Greater Scaup
Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup
Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider
Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider
Somateria spectabilis, King Eider
Somateria mollissima, Common Eider
Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck
Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter
Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter
Melanitta nigra, Black Scoter
Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck
Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead
Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye
Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye
Mergellus albellus, Smew
Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser
Mergus merganser, Common Merganser
Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser
Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck
Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck
Order GAVIIFORMES
Family GAVIIDAE
Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon
Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon
Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon
Gavia immer, Common Loon
Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon
Order PODICIPEDIFORMES
Family PODICIPEDIDAE
Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe
Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe
Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe
Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe
Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe
Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe
Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe
Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
Family DIOMEDEIDAE
Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross
Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross
Thalassarche melanophris, Black-browed Albatross
Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Albatross
Diomedea exulans, Wandering Albatross
Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross
Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatross
Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross
Family PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar
Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged Petrel
Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel
Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald Petrel
Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel
Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel
Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel
Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel
Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel
Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian Petrel
Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel
Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel
Pterodroma nigripennis, Black-winged Petrel
Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel
Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's Petrel
Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel
Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's Petrel
Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel
Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel
Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's Petrel
Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Shearwater
Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater
Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Shearwater
Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater
Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater
Puffinus gravis, Greater Shearwater
Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed Shearwater
Puffinus bulleri, Buller's Shearwater
Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater
Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater
Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater
Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater
Puffinus auricularis, Townsend's Shearwater
Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater
Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater
Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater
Family HYDROBATIDAE
Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-Petrel
Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel
Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm-Petrel
Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Storm-Petrel
Nesofregetta fuiginosa, Polynesian Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma hornbyi, Ringed Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach's Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma matsudairae, Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma melania, Black Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel
Order PELECANIFORMES
Family PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird
Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird
Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird
Family SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby
Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby
Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby
Sula sula, Red-footed Booby
Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet
Family PELECANIDAE
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Pied Cormorant
Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant
Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant
Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant
Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant
Family ANHINGIDAE
Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga
Family FREGATIDAE
Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird
Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird
Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird
Order CICONIIFORMES
Family ARDEIDAE
Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern
Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern
Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern
Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck's Bittern
Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern
Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron
Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron
Ardea alba, Great Egret
Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate Egret
Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret
Egretta garzetta, Little Egret
Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret
Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron
Egretta thula, Snowy Egret
Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron
Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron
Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret
Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret
Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond-Heron
Butorides virescens, Green Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron
Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron
Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron
Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE
Eudocimus albus, White Ibis
Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis
Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis
Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis
Subfamily PLATALEINAE
Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill
Family CICONIIDAE
Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru
Mycteria americana, Wood Stork
Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber, Greater Flamingo
Order FALCONIFORMES
Family CATHARTIDAE
Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture
Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture
Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor
Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Subfamily PANDIONINAE
Pandion haliaetus, Osprey
Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE
Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite
Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite
Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite
Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite
Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite
Milvus migrans, Black Kite
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle
Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle
Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle
Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier
Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk
Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk
Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk
Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk
Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk
Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Hawk
Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black-Hawk
Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk
Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk
Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk
Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk
Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk
Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk
Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk
Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk
Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk
Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk
Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk
Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk
Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle
Family FALCONIDAE
Subfamily MICRASTURINAE
Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Forest-Falcon
Subfamily CARACARINAE
Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara
Subfamily FALCONINAE
Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel
Falco sparverius, American Kestrel
Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon
Falco columbarius, Merlin
Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby
Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon
Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon
Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon
Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon
Order GRUIFORMES
Family RALLIDAE
Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail
Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail
Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Rail
Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail
Crex crex, Corn Crake
Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail
Rallus elegans, King Rail
Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail
Porzana carolina, Sora
Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake
Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake
Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake
Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail
Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule
Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Swamphen
Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule
Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen
Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot
Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot
Fulica americana, American Coot
Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot
Family ARAMIDAE
Aramus guarauna, Limpkin
Family GRUIDAE
Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane
Grus grus, Common Crane
Grus americana, Whooping Crane
Order CHARADRIIFORMES
Family CHARADRIIDAE
Subfamily VANELLINAE
Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing
Subfamily CHARADRIINAE
Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover
Pluvialis apricaria, European Golden-Plover
Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover
Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover
Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand-Plover
Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand-Plover
Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy Plover
Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover
Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover
Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover
Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover
Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover
Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer
Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover
Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE
Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Oystercatcher
Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher
Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher
Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Himantopus himantopus, Black-winged Stilt
Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt
Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet
Family JACANIDAE
Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana
Family SCOLOPACIDAE
Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE
Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper
Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper
Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper
Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper
Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper
Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler
Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler
Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank
Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs
Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank
Tringa guttifer, Nordmann's Greenshank
Tringa semipalmata, Willet
Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs
Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper
Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper
Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper
Numenius minutus, Little Curlew
Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew
Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel
Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew
Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew
Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew
Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew
Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit
Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit
Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit
Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit
Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone
Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone
Aphriza virgata, Surfbird
Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot
Calidris canutus, Red Knot
Calidris alba, Sanderling
Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper
Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper
Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint
Calidris minuta, Little Stint
Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint
Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint
Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper
Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper
Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper
Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper
Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper
Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper
Calidris alpina, Dunlin
Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper
Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoon-billed Sandpiper
Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper
Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Philomachus pugnax, Ruff
Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher
Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher
Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe
Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe (the "common" snipe hunted in most of the U.S.)
Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe (rare in western Alaska; also see Gallinago delicata )
Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe
Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe
Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock
Scolopax minor, American Woodcock
Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE
Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope
Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope
Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope
Family LARIDAE
Subfamily LARINAE
Larus atricilla, Laughing Gull
Larus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull
Larus minutus, Little Gull
Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull
Larus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull
Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull
Larus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Gull
Larus belcheri, Belcher's Gull
Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull
Larus canus, Mew Gull
Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull
Larus californicus, California Gull
Larus argentatus, Herring Gull
Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull
Larus thayeri, Thayer's Gull
Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull
Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull
Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull
Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull
Larus occidentalis, Western Gull
Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull
Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull
Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull
Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull
Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull
Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake
Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake
Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull
Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull
Subfamily STERNINAE
Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy
Anous minutus, Black Noddy
Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray Noddy
Gygis alba, White Tern
Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern
Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Tern
Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Tern
Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern
Sternula albifrons, Little Tern
Sternula antillarum, Least Tern
Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern
Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Tern
Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern
Chlidonias niger, Black Tern
Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern
Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern
Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern
Sterna hirundo, Common Tern
Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern
Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern
Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern
Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern
Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern
Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern
Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern
Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE
Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer
Family STERCORARIIDAE
Stercorarius skua, Great Skua
Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua
Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger
Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger
Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger
Family ALCIDAE
Alle alle, Dovekie
Uria aalge, Common Murre
Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre
Alca torda, Razorbill
Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot
Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot
Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Murrelet
Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet
Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Xantus's Murrelet
Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet
Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet
Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet
Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet
Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet
Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet
Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet
Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin
Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin
Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin
Order COLUMBIFORMES
Family COLUMBIDAE
Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon
Patagioenas leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon
Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon
Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon
Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon
Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Turtle-Dove
Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove
Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove
Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove
Columbina inca, Inca Dove
Columbina passerina, Common Ground-Dove
Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground-Dove
Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove
Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove
Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove
Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove
Gallicolumba xanthonura, White-throated Ground-Dove
Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly Ground-Dove
Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Fruit-Dove
Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit-Dove
Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove
Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial-Pigeon
Order CUCULIFORMES
Family CUCULIDAE
Subfamily CUCULINAE
Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo
Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo
Cuculus fugax, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo
Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo
Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo
Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE
Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner
Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE
Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani
Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani
Order STRIGIFORMES
Family TYTONIDAE
Tyto alba, Barn Owl
Family STRIGIDAE
Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl
Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl
Megascops kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl
Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl
Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl
Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl
Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl
Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl
Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl
Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl
Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl
Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl
Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl
Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl
Strix varia, Barred Owl
Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl
Asio otus, Long-eared Owl
Asio stygius, Stygian Owl
Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl
Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl
Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE
Subfamily CHORDEILINAE
Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk
Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk
Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk
Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE
Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill
Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow
Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar
Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will
Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar
Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar
Order APODIFORMES
Family APODIDAE
Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE
Cypseloides niger, Black Swift
Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift
Subfamily CHAETURINAE
Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift
Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift
Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Swift
Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail
Aerodramus spodiopygius, White-rumped Swiftlet
Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Swiftlet
Subfamily APODINAE
Apus apus, Common Swift
Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift
Apus melba, Alpine Swift
Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift
Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift
Family TROCHILIDAE
Subfamily TROCHILINAE
Colibri thalassinus, Green Violet-ear
Anthracothorax prevostii, Green-breasted Mango
Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango
Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango
Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Carib
Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib
Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird
Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald
Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird
Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird
Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus's Hummingbird
Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird
Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird
Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Hummingbird
Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird
Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Hummingbird
Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent Hummingbird
Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat
Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar
Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird
Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird
Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird
Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird
Stellula calliope, Calliope Hummingbird
Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Hummingbird
Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird
Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird
Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird
Order TROGONIFORMES
Family TROGONIDAE
Subfamily TROGONINAE
Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon
Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel
Order UPUPIFORMES
Family UPUPIDAE
Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe
Order CORACIIFORMES
Family ALCEDINIDAE
Subfamily HALCYONINAE
Todirhamphus cinnamominus, Micronesian Kingfisher
Todirhamphus chloris, Collared Kingfisher
Subfamily CERYLINAE
Megaceryle torquata, Ringed Kingfisher
Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher
Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher
Order PICIFORMES
Family PICIDAE
Subfamily JYNGINAE
Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck
Subfamily PICINAE
Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's Woodpecker
Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker
Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker
Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker
Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker
Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker
Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker
Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Woodpecker
Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker
Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker
Picoides pubescens, Downy Woodpecker
Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker
Picoides arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker
Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker
Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker
Picoides dorsalis, American Three-toed Woodpecker
Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker
Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker
Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker
Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker
Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker
Order PASSERIFORMES
Family TYRANNIDAE
Subfamily ELAENIINAE
Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Elaenia
Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia
Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE
Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Flycatcher
Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher
Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee
Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee
Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee
Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee
Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Pewee
Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee
Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher
Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher
Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher
Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher
Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher
Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher
Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher
Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher
Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher
Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher
Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe
Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe
Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe
Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher
Subfamily TYRANNINAE
Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher
Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher
Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher
Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher
Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher
Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra's Flycatcher
Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher
Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee
Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher
Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher
Legatus leucophalus, Piratic Flycatcher
Empidonomus varius, Variegated Flycatcher
Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird
Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird
Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird
Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Kingbird
Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird
Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird
Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird
Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Kingbird
Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher
Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard
Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra
Family LANIIDAE
Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike
Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike
Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike
Family VIREONIDAE
Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo
Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo
Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo
Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo
Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo
Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo
Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo
Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo
Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo
Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo
Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo
Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo
Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo
Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo
Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo
Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo
Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo
Family CORVIDAE
Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay
Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay
Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay
Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay
Cyanocorax morio, Brown Jay
Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma californica, Western Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican Jay
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay
Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker
Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie
Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie
Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow
Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow
Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow
Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow
Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow
Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow
Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow
Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven
Corvus corax, Common Raven
Family ALAUDIDAE
Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark
Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark
Family HIRUNDINIDAE
Subfamily HIRUNDININAE
Progne subis, Purple Martin
Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin
Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin
Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin
Progne elegans, Southern Martin
Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin
Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow
Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow
Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow
Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow
Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow
Delichon urbicum, Common House-Martin
Family PARIDAE
Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee
Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Chickadee
Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee
Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee
Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee
Poecile hudsonica, Boreal Chickadee
Poecile cincta, Gray-headed Chickadee
Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse
Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse
Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse
Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse
Baeolophus atricristatus, Black-crested Titmouse
Family REMIZIDAE
Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin
Family AEGITHALIDAE
Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit
Family SITTIDAE
Subfamily SITTINAE
Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch
Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch
Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch
Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch
Family CERTHIIDAE
Subfamily CERTHIINAE
Certhia americana, Brown Creeper
Family TROGLODYTIDAE
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren
Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren
Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren
Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren
Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick's Wren
Troglodytes aedon, House Wren
Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren
Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren
Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren
Family CINCLIDAE
Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper
Family REGULIDAE
Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet
Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Family SYLVIIDAE
Subfamily SYLVIINAE
Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler
Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated Warbler
Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale Reed-Warbler
Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird
Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood Warbler
Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler
Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellow-browed Warbler
Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler
Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat
Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE
Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher
Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher
Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher
Family MUSCICAPIDAE
Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus Flycatcher
Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Flycatcher
Family TURDIDAE
Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat
Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat
Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin
Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock Thrush
Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Bluetail
Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear
Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat
Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird
Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird
Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird
Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire
Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao
Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao
Myadestes obscurus, Omao
Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi
Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush
Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush
Catharus fuscescens, Veery
Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush
Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush
Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush
Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush
Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush
Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush
Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush
Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare
Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Robin
Turdus assimilis, White-throated Robin
Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin
Turdus migratorius, American Robin
Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush
Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush
Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush
Family MIMIDAE
Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird
Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Catbird
Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird
Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Mockingbird
Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher
Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher
Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher
Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher
Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher
Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher
Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher
Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte's Thrasher
Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Mockingbird
Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher
Family STURNIDAE
Sturnus philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling
Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling
Family PRUNELLIDAE
Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor
Family MOTACILLIDAE
Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Yellow Wagtail
Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail
Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail
Motacilla alba, White Wagtail
Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit
Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit
Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit
Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit
Anthus rubescens, American Pipit
Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit
Family BOMBYCILLIDAE
Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing
Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing
Family PTILOGONATIDAE
Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silky-flycatcher
Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla
Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE
Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler
Family PARULIDAE
Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler
Vermivora pinus, Blue-winged Warbler
Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler
Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee Warbler
Vermivora celata, Orange-crowned Warbler
Vermivora ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler
Vermivora virginiae, Virginia's Warbler
Vermivora crissalis, Colima Warbler
Vermivora luciae, Lucy's Warbler
Parula superciliosa, Crescent-chested Warbler
Parula americana, Northern Parula
Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula
Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler
Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler
Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia Warbler
Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler
Dendroica caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler
Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler
Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler
Dendroica chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler
Dendroica virens, Black-throated Green Warbler
Dendroica townsendi, Townsend's Warbler
Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit Warbler
Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian Warbler
Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler
Dendroica graciae, Grace's Warbler
Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler
Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler
Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler
Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler
Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler
Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler
Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler
Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler
Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler
Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler
Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart
Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler
Helmitheros vermivorum, Worm-eating Warbler
Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler
Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird
Seiurus noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush
Seiurus motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush
Oporornis formosus, Kentucky Warbler
Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler
Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler
Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler
Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat
Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat
Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler
Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson's Warbler
Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler
Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler
Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart
Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart
Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed Warbler
Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler
Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler
Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat
Family THRAUPIDAE
Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager
Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager
Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager
Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager
Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager
Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager
Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis
Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis
Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia
Family EMBERIZIDAE
Sporophila torqueola, White-collared Seedeater
Tiaris olivacea, Yellow-faced Grassquit
Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit
Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch
Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow
Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee
Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee
Pipilo fuscus, Canyon Towhee
Pipilo crissalis, California Towhee
Pipilo aberti, Abert's Towhee
Aimophila carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow
Aimophila cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow
Aimophila aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow
Aimophila botterii, Botteri's Sparrow
Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow
Aimophila quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow
Spizella arborea, American Tree Sparrow
Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow
Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow
Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow
Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow
Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow
Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow
Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow
Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow
Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow
Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow
Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting
Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow
Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow
Ammodramus bairdii, Baird's Sparrow
Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow
Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte's Sparrow
Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside Sparrow
Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow
Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow
Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow
Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow
Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow
Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow
Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow
Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco
Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco
Calcarius mccownii, McCown's Longspur
Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur
Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur
Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur
Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Bunting
Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting
Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting
Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Bunting
Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Bunting
Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting
Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting
Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting
Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting
Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting
Family CARDINALIDAE
Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak
Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal
Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia
Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak
Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak
Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting
Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak
Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting
Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting
Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting
Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting
Spiza americana, Dickcissel
Family ICTERIDAE
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink
Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird
Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird
Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird
Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird
Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird
Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird
Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird
Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle
Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle
Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle
Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle
Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird
Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird
Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird
Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole
Icterus dominicensis, Greater Antillean Oriole
Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole
Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole
Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole
Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole
Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole
Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole
Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole
Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole
Family FRINGILLIDAE
Subfamily FRINGILLINAE
Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch
Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling
Subfamily CARDUELINAE
Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch
Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch
Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch
Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak
Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch
Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch
Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin's Finch
Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch
Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill
Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill
Carduelis flammea, Common Redpoll
Carduelis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll
Carduelis spinus, Eurasian Siskin
Carduelis pinus, Pine Siskin
Carduelis psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch
Carduelis lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch
Carduelis tristis, American Goldfinch
Carduelis sinica, Oriental Greenfinch
Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch
Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak
Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch
Subfamily DREPANIDINAE
Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch
Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch
Psittirostra psittacea, Ou
Loxioides bailleui, Palila
Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill
Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi
Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi
Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai Amakihi
Hemignathus ellisianus, Greater Akialoa
Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu
Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau
Magumma parva, Anianiau
Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki
Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper
Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu Alauahio
Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie
Paroreomyza montana, Maui Alauahio
Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee
Loxops coccineus, Akepa
Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi
Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe
Himatione sanguinea, Apapane
Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli
Dated: February 3, 2010.
Thomas L. Strickland,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2010-3294 Filed 2-26-10; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P